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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...

Glial Cells

Glial Cells

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe

Published on: August 16, 2024

[Gliomatosis cerebri].

J Bruna, R Velasco

Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)

|May 25, 2010

Summary

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) treatment shows improved responses with chemotherapy addition, but patient outcomes remain poor. Further multi-center trials and molecular factor identification are crucial for better gliomatosis cerebri patient stratification and treatment.

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Neurosurgery
Pathology

Background:

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare, diffuse glial tumor with extensive brain infiltration.
The heterogeneity in histological subtypes and grades presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
Current understanding of GC is limited, with many unanswered questions regarding its nature and management.

Discussion:

GC's non-specific clinical presentation and wide differential diagnosis complicate early identification.
Heterogeneity in pathology and molecular findings hinders accurate GC characterization and outcome prediction.
Therapeutic strategies for GC are primarily based on case series, indicating a lack of established optimal treatment protocols.

Key Insights:

Adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy appears to improve treatment response in gliomatosis cerebri patients.

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Despite treatment advancements, gliomatosis cerebri patients exhibit poor survival rates.

Identifying molecular predictors for chemotherapy response is a key area of ongoing research.

Outlook:

Phase III multi-center trials are essential to evaluate and establish optimal therapeutic strategies for GC.
Further research into the histological profile and molecular prognostic factors of GC is required.
Stratifying patients based on identified prognostic factors is crucial for personalized treatment approaches.