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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Neurotransmitters01:31

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Correlating Gene-specific DNA Methylation Changes with Expression and Transcriptional Activity of Astrocytic KCNJ10 (Kir4.1)
11:19

Correlating Gene-specific DNA Methylation Changes with Expression and Transcriptional Activity of Astrocytic KCNJ10 (Kir4.1)

Published on: September 26, 2015

Protein carboxylmethylation and nervous system function.

M L Billingsley1, W Lovenberg

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A.

Neurochemistry International
|May 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein O-carboxylmethylation, a post-translational modification, has an unclear function in nervous tissue. Recent studies suggest protein-O-carboxylmethyltransferase may play a role in central nervous system signal transduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein O-carboxylmethylation is a post-translational modification involving methyl group transfer from S-adenosylmethionine.
  • Its function in nervous tissue remains largely enigmatic, despite initial detection in the pituitary gland.
  • Previous theories proposed roles in neurotransmitter release, peptide processing, and DNA repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the enigmatic function of protein O-carboxylmethylation in nervous tissue.
  • To discuss current theories and challenges in studying this modification.
  • To outline future research directions for protein methylation in the CNS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on protein O-carboxylmethylation.
  • Discussion of challenges in studying carboxylmethylation, including alkaline lability and quantitative analysis.
  • Consideration of recent findings localizing protein-O-carboxylmethyltransferase in rat brain neurons.

Main Results:

  • The precise function of protein O-carboxylmethylation in the nervous system is not well-defined.
  • Difficulties in establishing temporal relationships and the alkaline lability of the ester bond hinder research.
  • Recent localization of the enzyme in neurons suggests a potential role in central nervous system signal transduction.

Conclusions:

  • The role of protein O-carboxylmethylation in the nervous system requires further investigation.
  • Overcoming methodological challenges is crucial for advancing understanding of this post-translational modification.
  • Protein-O-carboxylmethyltransferase may be involved in neuronal signal transduction pathways.