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Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta

Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta

Published on: August 15, 2017

Plastid ndh genes in plant evolution.

Mercedes Martín¹, Bartolomé Sabater

¹Department of Plant Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB

|May 25, 2010

Summary

The plastid ndh genes are crucial for land plant photosynthesis adaptation. Their presence and editing sites offer insights into evolutionary pressures and past environmental conditions.

Area of Science:

Plant molecular biology
Evolutionary genomics
Photosynthesis research

Background:

The plastid ndh genes encode components of the thylakoid Ndh complex, vital for regulating photosynthetic electron transport.
Most cyanobacterial genes were lost or transferred during chloroplast evolution, with 11 ndh genes remaining in higher plants.
ndh genes are largely absent in algae but present in land plants, suggesting a role in terrestrial adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary significance of plastid ndh genes in land plants.
To explore the role of RNA editing in ndh gene function and evolution.
To use ndh gene editing sites as a tool for reconstructing past environmental conditions.

Main Methods:

Comparative genomics of ndh gene distribution across plant lineages.

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Analysis of RNA editing sites in angiosperm plastid transcripts, focusing on ndh genes.

Bioinformatic comparison of homologous editing sites to infer evolutionary events.

Main Results:

ndh genes are conserved in most land plants but absent in many algae and epiphytic plants, correlating with photosynthetic machinery loss.
ndh genes account for approximately 50% of editing sites in angiosperm plastid transcripts.
Editing sites on ndh genes may represent a correction of ancestral inactivating mutations.

Conclusions:

The plastid ndh genes are integral to the land adaptation of photosynthesis.
RNA editing in ndh genes provides a unique molecular record of evolutionary history and environmental interactions.
Comparative analysis of ndh editing sites can illuminate past selective pressures and environmental conditions.