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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Post-translational modifications in signal integration.

Yonathan Lissanu Deribe1, Tony Pawson, Ivan Dikic

  • 1Frankfurt Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|May 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dynamically regulate cellular responses. This review explores PTMs

More Related Videos

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
08:12

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins
08:12

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Post-Translational Modifications

Background:

  • Proteins undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) to form dynamic signaling relays.
  • These modifications are crucial for cells to sense and respond to environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles of PTMs.
  • To highlight the significance of PTMs in signal integration for key cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PTMs and their roles in cellular signaling.
  • Analysis of PTMs in the context of specific biological pathways.

Main Results:

  • PTMs create a sophisticated system for reading and responding to cellular microenvironment alterations.
  • PTMs are vital for integrating signals in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, endocytosis, DNA-damage responses, and immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PTMs is essential for comprehending cellular signal integration.
  • PTMs play a central role in diverse biological processes, including growth factor signaling, DNA repair, and immune responses.