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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages
07:22

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages

Published on: September 7, 2019

Activated microglia in nociception.

Howard S Smith1

  • 1Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, Albany, NY 12208, USA. smithh@mail.amc.edu

Pain Physician
|May 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia activation, involving cell growth and division, is crucial for initiating neuropathic pain. Five key pathways, including fractalkine and TLR4, mediate this activation, offering potential therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates
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Published on: January 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Microglial cells are immune cells in the central nervous system.
  • Microglial activation is implicated in the development of neuropathic pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of microglial activation in neuropathic pain.
  • To identify key pathways involved in initiating neuropathic pain.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microglial activation pathways.
  • Analysis of morphological and numerical changes in microglia post-nerve injury.

Main Results:

  • Microglial activation involves hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and hyperplasia (increased cell number).
  • Distinct morphological changes occur within 24 hours, followed by proliferation around 2-3 days post-injury.
  • Five major activation pathways are identified: fractalkine, interferon-gamma, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TLR4, and P2X4.

Conclusions:

  • Microglial activation is essential for neuropathic pain initiation.
  • Targeting these five pathways could lead to novel therapies for neuropathic pain.
  • Understanding these pathways offers potential for ameliorating neuropathic pain symptoms.