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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder.

Holger Preuschoft, Bianca Hohn, Heike Scherf

    International Journal of Primatology
    |May 25, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study uses biomechanical analysis to understand primate shoulder function during locomotion and suspension. Findings reveal how shoulder morphology, like scapula shape, adapts to different movements and supports evolutionary interpretations.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
    06:09

    Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

    Published on: March 12, 2021

    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
    10:07

    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

    Published on: February 10, 2015

    Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace
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    Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

    Published on: August 8, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Primate Anatomy
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Primate shoulder girdle studies often focus on morphology, neglecting biomechanical function.
    • Understanding shoulder mechanics is crucial for interpreting primate locomotion and evolution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the basic functional conditions of the primate shoulder joint and girdle using biomechanical principles.
    • To correlate shoulder morphology with functional demands of quadrupedal walking, suspension, and brachiation.

    Main Methods:

    • Construction of force parallelograms to analyze forces during quadrupedal stance phases.
    • Application of the Finite Element Method to determine optimal bone shapes.
    • Analysis of muscle activity and joint forces across various locomotor behaviors.

    Main Results:

    • Scapula length and margin proportions are adapted to quadrupedal walking versus suspensory behaviors.
    • Bone shapes (humerus, scapula, clavicula) are optimized for calculated joint forces.
    • Terrestrial and arboreal primates exhibit distinct shoulder muscle recruitment patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • Primate shoulder morphology is shaped by functional demands, particularly locomotion and suspension.
    • Biomechanical insights enhance the interpretation of primate fossil anatomy and evolutionary relationships.
    • The clavicle plays a role in maintaining shoulder complex distance from the rib cage during locomotion.