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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Stroke in patients with migraine.

Jacques De Reuck¹, Koen Paemeleire, Georges Van Maele

¹Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. dereuck.j@gmail.com

Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska

|May 25, 2010

Summary

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a significant risk factor for stroke in migraine patients, more so than migraine with aura (MA). This study found no direct link between MA and stroke, highlighting PFO as a key consideration.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiology
Vascular Medicine

Background:

Migraine with aura (MA) is a suspected risk factor for ischemic stroke.
This study investigates the relationship between migraine and stroke, comparing patients with and without stroke.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare clinical characteristics and risk factors in migraine patients with and without stroke.
To identify potential risk factors for stroke in individuals with a history of migraine.

Main Methods:

Retrospective observational study comparing 14 migraine patients with stroke and 37 without.
Analysis of clinical data, vascular risk factors, and diagnostic imaging results.

Main Results:

Stroke occurred in both migraine with aura and without aura patients.

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Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

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Published on: June 2, 2014

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Published on: August 11, 2023

Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice

Published on: October 20, 2016

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) was identified as the primary risk factor for stroke in migraine patients.

Strokes were predominantly supratentorial, with good outcomes. White matter hyperintensities were more common in migraine patients with stroke.

Conclusions:

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), not migraine with aura (MA), is the main stroke risk factor in migraine patients.
A direct causal relationship between MA and stroke was not demonstrated in this study.