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Trace element deficiencies in cattle.

T W Graham1

  • 1Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|March 1, 1991
PubMed
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Trace element deficiencies (cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc) can reduce animal production, especially during growth, reproduction, or lactation. Careful evaluation is needed to diagnose deficiencies accurately.

Area of Science:

  • Animal Nutrition
  • Veterinary Science
  • Mineral Metabolism

Background:

  • Deficiencies in essential trace elements such as cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, and zinc are common causes of reduced animal production.
  • These deficiencies often coincide with critical physiological stages like growth, reproduction, and lactation, exacerbating their impact.
  • Interactions between environmental factors, nutrient intake, disease, genetics, and medications can lead to deficiencies even when recommended nutrient levels are provided.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact of trace element deficiencies on animal production.
  • To emphasize the complexity of diagnosing trace element deficiencies due to various interacting factors.
  • To caution against random supplementation of trace elements above recommended levels.

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Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on trace element deficiencies in livestock.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to single or multiple element deficiencies.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges in evaluating trace element status.
  • Consideration of the effects of nutrient interactions and potential toxicosis.

Main Results:

  • Deficiencies in key trace elements (cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc) directly correlate with reduced animal production.
  • Production losses are most significant during periods of high physiological demand (growth, reproduction, lactation).
  • Diagnosing trace element deficiencies is complicated by disease states that alter blood analytes and by complex nutrient interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of trace element deficiencies requires a comprehensive approach, including thorough dietary and animal evaluation.
  • Response to supplementation is a critical component in confirming a diagnosis.
  • Unjustified supplementation above National Research Council recommendations carries risks of negative nutrient interactions and toxicosis.