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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

[Upper limb function in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy].

Marcin Sibiński1, Tomasz Bara, Emil Adamczyk

  • 1Klinika Ortopedii i Ortopedii Dzieciecej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi. sibinek@poczta.onet.pl

Chirurgia Narzadow Ruchu I Ortopedia Polska
|May 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy often experience shoulder external rotation limitations and forearm supination deficits. Functional deficits, excluding shoulder external rotation, correlate with nerve root severity, not patient age.

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Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction
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Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction
09:14

Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Context:

  • Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is a birth-related nerve injury affecting the shoulder, arm, and hand.
  • Persistent functional deficits impact a child's quality of life and developmental milestones.
  • Understanding the specific functional limitations and their underlying causes is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose:

  • To analyze shoulder, elbow, and forearm function in children with persistent OBPP.
  • To evaluate the relationship between patient age, the severity of nerve root involvement, and functional deficits in the affected limb.

Summary:

  • Fifty-one children with OBPP (average age 6 years 6 months) were studied using the Mallet score.
  • The most common issue was limited active shoulder external rotation (60%), often with posterior glenohumeral joint subluxation/dislocation.
  • Significant limitations were also observed in shoulder abduction, flexion, internal rotation, and forearm supination (50%).
  • Limb dysfunction, except for shoulder external rotation, correlated with nerve root involvement severity but not age.

Impact:

  • Identifies shoulder external rotation limitation and posterior subluxation as key indicators in OBPP, potentially linked to suprascapular nerve injury.
  • Highlights that functional deficits beyond shoulder external rotation are more severe with greater nerve root involvement.
  • Suggests forearm supination limitations may relate to the higher frequency of pronation in daily activities.