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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Changing clinicopathological practice in parathyroid disease.

Sarah J Johnson1

  • 1Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. sarah.johnson8@nuth.nhs.uk

Histopathology
|May 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Histopathologists face challenges diagnosing hyperparathyroidism due to overlapping features. Evolving surgical techniques impact parathyroid gland examination, requiring updated diagnostic practices.

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Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification
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Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification

Published on: August 1, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification
08:07

Procurement of Parathyroid Glands from Living Donor Pigs and Ex Vivo Identification

Published on: August 1, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Histopathology

Background:

  • Hyperparathyroidism diagnosis relies on histological examination of parathyroid glands.
  • Morphological overlap complicates differential diagnoses for histopathologists.
  • Advancements in imaging and surgical techniques are changing specimen handling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform histopathologists about clinical changes affecting parathyroid gland examination.
  • To review the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism.
  • To highlight the diagnostic considerations for parathyroid carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on hyperparathyroidism, surgical techniques, and diagnostic challenges.
  • Analysis of the impact of focused parathyroidectomy on histological practice.
  • Discussion of differential diagnoses and the significance of parathyroid carcinoma.

Main Results:

  • Focused surgical approaches reduce the number of parathyroid glands submitted for examination.
  • Distinguishing between hyperparathyroidism diagnoses can be challenging due to similar morphological features.
  • Awareness of clinical context is crucial for accurate pathological interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • Histopathologists must adapt to changes in parathyroid gland specimen submission due to evolving clinical practices.
  • Understanding hyperparathyroidism pathogenesis and rare diagnoses like parathyroid carcinoma remains essential.
  • Accurate histological diagnosis is critical despite reduced specimen numbers and diagnostic complexities.