Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Proteasome

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...

The Proteasome

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...

Amino Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Catabolism

Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Necrotizing Pancreatitis and Endovascular Stenting of the Portal and Superior Mesenteric Vein: A Case Report.

Case reports in gastroenterology·2026

Same author

A combined preoperative cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition phenotype is associated with major complications after pancreatoduodenectomy, independent of postoperative pancreatic fistula risk.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·2026

Same author

Preoperative biliary drainage in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: retrospective multicentre analysis.

BJS open·2026

Same author

Independent validation of the Mosamatic deep learning automated skeletal muscle and adipose tissue segmentation tool in an external Chinese cancer patient cohort.

BJR artificial intelligence·2026

Same author

Obeticholic acid accelerates portal vein embolization-induced liver hypertrophy in rabbits by improving bile salt homeostasis.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026

Same author

Mass spectrometry imaging in spatial biology of pancreatic cancer.

The Analyst·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

Does proteolysis explain glutamine release from the septic brain?

Cornelius H C Dejong¹, Steven W M Olde Damink

¹Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University and University Hospital Maastricht, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands. chc.dejong@ah.unimaas.nl

Critical Care (London, England)

|May 26, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The human brain alters amino acid transport during endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) infusion, affecting branched-chain and aromatic amino acid ratios and increasing glutamine release.

More Related Videos

LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

Published on: April 9, 2017

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

LERLIC-MS/MS for In-depth Characterization and Quantification of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Shotgun Proteomics

Published on: April 9, 2017

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biochemistry
Physiology

Background:

Investigating amino acid exchange across the human brain is crucial for understanding neurological responses to systemic inflammation.
Endotoxin infusion serves as a model to study the brain's metabolic adaptations during infection or inflammatory conditions.

Discussion:

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion significantly altered the brain's amino acid profile, indicated by a decreased ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids.
Increased unidirectional phenylalanine uptake suggests enhanced transport mechanisms for aromatic amino acids into the brain.
The observed net brain glutamine release points towards altered brain metabolism and potential involvement of protein breakdown.

Key Insights:

Systemic endotoxemia impacts brain amino acid homeostasis.
Specific changes include altered branched-chain/aromatic amino acid ratios and increased phenylalanine uptake.
Net release of glutamine from the brain suggests metabolic shifts and possible proteolysis.

Outlook:

Further research is needed to confirm the role and mechanisms of cerebral proteolysis in response to endotoxin.
Understanding these brain metabolic changes could inform therapeutic strategies for inflammatory neurological conditions.