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Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

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Published on: August 15, 2019

Strategy for effective brain drug delivery.

M Intakhab Alam¹, Sarwar Beg, Abdus Samad

¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

|May 26, 2010

Summary

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Novel strategies like nanotechnology and genomics offer promising solutions for effective brain drug targeting.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System

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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

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Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Biotechnology

Background:

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain but restricts the entry of essential nutrients and therapeutic agents.
Conventional drug delivery systems are ineffective for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to BBB limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review novel approaches for overcoming BBB limitations in brain drug targeting.
To provide insights into advanced strategies for researchers, academia, and industry.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on brain drug targeting strategies.
Exploration of nanotechnology-based approaches (nanoparticles, liposomes).
Discussion of antibody-mediated delivery and genomics applications.

Main Results:

Nanotechnology, antibody-mediated delivery, and genomics show potential for targeted brain drug delivery.
These novel approaches can overcome BBB restrictions for treating CNS diseases.

Conclusions:

Developing effective brain drug targeting strategies is crucial for treating CNS disorders.
Novel approaches like nanotechnology and genomics offer promising avenues for improved CNS therapeutics.