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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
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American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

HIV-1 vertical transmission in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil.

M Tornatore1, C V Gonçalves, R A Mendoza-Sassi

  • 1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

International Journal of STD & AIDS
|May 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission is crucial. Antiretroviral use during pregnancy significantly reduces transmission rates, with higher viral load at delivery being a key risk factor.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
11:14

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) remains a significant concern for HIV-1.
  • Understanding transmission dynamics and risk factors is vital for effective prevention strategies.
  • Co-circulation of HIV-1 subtypes B and C presents unique epidemiological challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the rate and risk factors of HIV-1 MTCT.
  • To investigate the timing of HIV-1 transmission (intrautero, intrapartum, postnatal).
  • To identify transmitted HIV-1 subtypes in a co-circulating population.

Main Methods:

  • Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the gp41 gene was used to determine HIV-1 subtype and timing of transmission.
  • A cohort of 144 infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers was studied.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors and protective measures.

Main Results:

  • The overall HIV-1 MTCT rate was 4.9% (7 out of 144 infants).
  • Intrautero transmission occurred more frequently (4 cases) than intrapartum transmission (1 case), a statistically significant finding (P = 0.001).
  • Antiretroviral (ARV) use during all three stages of gestation was a significant protective factor (PR = 0.42; P = 0.013), while higher HIV viral load at delivery was the sole independent risk factor.

Conclusions:

  • Early and universal access to ARVs during pregnancy is paramount for reducing vertical HIV-1 transmission.
  • These findings underscore the importance of ARV prophylaxis, even in regions with diverse HIV clade distribution.
  • Targeting high viral load at delivery is a critical intervention point for MTCT prevention.