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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

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Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Published on: September 11, 2018

Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implications.

Toby Litovitz¹, Nicole Whitaker, Lynn Clark

¹National Capital Poison Center, 3201 New Mexico Ave, Suite 310, Washington, DC 20016, USA. toby@poison.org

|May 26, 2010

Summary

Button battery ingestions are increasing, with larger lithium cells posing greater risks. Expedited removal and vigilant monitoring are crucial for improved outcomes in these critical cases.

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Area of Science:

Toxicology
Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Medical Device Safety

Background:

Severe and fatal button battery ingestions appear to be rising.
Current treatment protocols may be insufficient to address the severity of these incidents.

Purpose of the Study:

Identify predictors and trends in button battery ingestion outcomes.
Determine the urgency of intervention for lodged button batteries.
Refine existing treatment guidelines for button battery ingestions.

Main Methods:

Analysis of data from the National Poison Data System (1985-2009).
Review of cases from the National Battery Ingestion Hotline (1990-2008).
Examination of medical literature and specific cases involving esophageal or airway button battery lodgment.

Main Results:

A significant increase in major or fatal outcomes from button battery ingestions was observed (6.7-fold rise from 1985-2009).
Ingestion of larger diameter (≥20 mm) lithium cells, particularly 20-mm cells, correlated with worse outcomes, especially in children under 4.
Severe burns occurred rapidly (2-2.5 hours), and injuries extended post-removal, with high rates of misdiagnosis (54% in fatal cases).

Conclusions:

Revised guidelines emphasize expedited esophageal button battery removal.
Increased vigilance for delayed complications and urgent radiography are recommended.
The study highlights the need for prompt intervention and awareness of potential long-term sequelae.