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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics
Published on: February 28, 2025
Swing leg control in human running.
Y Blum1, S W Lipfert, J Rummel
1Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 23, Jena, Germany. Yvonne.Blum@uni-jena.de
Human running stability is achieved by automatically adjusting leg stiffness, even without sensory feedback. This research confirms that specific leg stiffness adaptations can ensure stable running across various speeds and leg movements.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Human locomotion
- Robotics
Background:
- Human running appears effortless, with automatic leg adjustments for stability.
- The spring-mass model is a common framework for analyzing running dynamics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate theoretical running stability using the planar spring-mass model.
- To compare model predictions with human running data.
- To explore control strategies for enhancing running stability.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the planar spring-mass model to represent human running dynamics.
- Analyzed periodic running solutions for stability.
- Modeled control strategies as linear adaptations of leg parameters (angle, stiffness, length) during the swing phase.
- Introduced ground speed matching and foot angle of approach to evaluate control strategies.
Main Results:
- Periodic running solutions can be stabilized.
- Control strategies for running stability were found to be redundant.
- Adapting leg stiffness during the swing phase ensures running stability regardless of leg angle and length adaptations.
Conclusions:
- Running stability can be achieved through passive adaptation of leg stiffness.
- Active control strategies may be unnecessary for maintaining stability in running.
- Leg stiffness adaptation is a key mechanism for stable human locomotion.
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