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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...

Internal Receptors

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

Signal Transduction: Overview

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

Published on: July 28, 2014

Endogenous ligand for an orphan receptor.

¹Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. nutritionreviews@ilsi.org

Nutrition Reviews

|May 27, 2010

Summary

Researchers identified a phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16/18-GPC), as the endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). This discovery links nutrition, fatty acid metabolism, and PPARalpha signaling.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Metabolic Research

Background:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a nuclear receptor targeted by fibrate drugs for lipid management.
The endogenous ligand for PPARalpha remained unidentified until this study.
PPARalpha plays a crucial role in regulating fatty acid metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the physiologically relevant endogenous ligand of PPARalpha.
To investigate the role of fatty acid synthase in producing this ligand.
To confirm the identified ligand's ability to activate PPARalpha signaling in vivo.

Main Methods:

Mass spectrometry was employed to identify the endogenous ligand.
The study utilized in vivo experiments involving portal vein infusion.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

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Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

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Gene expression analysis was performed for key fatty acid metabolism genes.

Main Results:

1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16/18-GPC), a phospholipid, was identified as the endogenous PPARalpha ligand.
The synthesis of 16/18-GPC is dependent on the nutritionally responsive enzyme, fatty acid synthase.
Infusion of 16/18-GPC induced PPARalpha-dependent expression of acyl CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase.

Conclusions:

16/18-GPC is a key endogenous ligand for PPARalpha.
Fatty acid synthase plays a critical role in regulating PPARalpha activity through 16/18-GPC production.
This finding provides new insights into the regulation of lipid metabolism by endogenous signaling molecules.