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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

[Hepatitis E virus infection: a paradigm shift?].

S Pischke1, A Potthoff, B Hauröder

  • 1Gastroenterologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. pischke.sven@mh-hannover.de

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|May 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are increasingly common in industrialized nations, often presenting asymptomatically. This review highlights the rising prevalence and zoonotic nature of HEV genotype 3, emphasizing underdiagnosis and transmission routes.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are increasingly recognized in industrialized countries.
  • HEV is primarily a self-limiting, travel-associated illness, but autochthonous cases are rising.
  • HEV infections are often asymptomatic or mild in immunocompetent individuals, leading to underdiagnosis.

Purpose:

  • To review the current understanding of Hepatitis E virus infections in industrialized nations.
  • To summarize the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations of HEV in developed countries.
  • To highlight the significance of HEV genotype 3 as a zoonotic infection.

Summary:

  • The anti-HEV prevalence in Western Europe ranges from 2% to 20%, indicating widespread, often undetected, infections.
  • HEV genotype 3 infections are zoonotic, with swine as a reservoir, and transmission via blood transfusion has been documented.
  • Severe HEV courses can occur in pregnant women, patients with chronic liver disease, organ transplant recipients, and HIV-positive individuals, potentially leading to acute liver failure or chronic infection.

Impact:

  • Increased awareness of HEV underdiagnosis and its zoonotic potential is crucial for public health.
  • Understanding HEV transmission routes, including blood transfusion, is vital for prevention strategies.
  • Recognizing severe HEV manifestations in vulnerable populations aids in timely diagnosis and management.