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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Urethra01:16

Urethra

The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male urethra is...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
06:05

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Urethral mobility and urinary incontinence.

A Pirpiris1, K L Shek, H P Dietz

  • 1Sydney Medical School Nepean, Sydney, Australia.

Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
|May 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mid-urethral mobility is linked to stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. Impaired fixation in the mid-urethra, not the bladder neck, appears crucial for SUI development.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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06:39

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Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Urogynecology
  • Female pelvic floor disorders
  • Urodynamics

Background:

  • Urethral mobility is a key factor in female urinary incontinence.
  • The urethral motion profile (UMP) describes segmental urethral mobility.
  • Understanding UMP's role in incontinence is essential for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To correlate segmental urethral mobility (UMP) with symptoms and urodynamic findings in women.
  • To investigate the relationship between urethral mobility and female urinary incontinence.
  • To test the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between female urinary incontinence and segmental urethral mobility.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 198 women with lower urinary tract dysfunction or prolapse symptoms.
  • Multichannel urodynamic testing and 4D translabial ultrasound were performed.
  • Segmental urethral mobility was assessed using vectors of movement from rest to maximum Valsalva, relative to the pubosymphyseal margin.

Main Results:

  • Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) were strongly associated with mid-urethral mobility.
  • No significant association was found between urge incontinence, detrusor overactivity, or voiding dysfunction and mid-urethral mobility.
  • Mobility of six equidistant points along the urethra was analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • Impairment of mid-urethral fixation is important in the pathophysiology of SUI and USI.
  • Bladder neck fixation appears less critical than mid-urethral fixation in SUI development.
  • UMP analysis provides insights into the biomechanics of female urinary incontinence.