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Related Concept Videos

Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Sources of Food Contamination

Contamination of food by microbial agents and natural toxins poses significant risks to public health. These hazards can be introduced at various points across the food supply chain, ranging from environmental sources to processing and storage stages. Understanding these contamination pathways is critical for developing strategies to ensure food safety.Seafood is particularly vulnerable to contamination through both environmental exposure and microbial colonization. Toxins from harmful algal...
Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
Marine Microbial Ecology01:30

Marine Microbial Ecology

Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen levels. These conditions favor smaller microbial cell sizes, which maximize their surface-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient uptake.Microbial activity and community composition are closely linked to biogeochemical cycles, particularly in dynamic environments like estuaries, where halotolerant microbes thrive in response to variable salinity...
Freshwater Microbial Ecology01:24

Freshwater Microbial Ecology

Freshwater systems such as streams, rivers, and lakes exhibit distinct physical and biological characteristics that influence their microbial communities. These environments are broadly categorized into lotic systems—those with flowing waters like streams and most rivers—and lentic systems, which include still or slow-moving waters such as lakes, ponds, and marshes.In lentic systems, phytoplankton drive primary production, generating autochthonous organic carbon. In contrast, lotic systems...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization of a Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain Derived from Oreochromis spp. Farms Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
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Published on: December 23, 2022

Elevated resource availability sufficient to turn opportunistic into virulent fish pathogens.

C Wedekind1, M O Gessner, F Vazquez

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. claus.wedekind@unil.ch

Ecology
|May 28, 2010
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Summary

Increased aquatic resources can make normally harmless microbes dangerous to fish embryos. This direct link between resource availability and disease risk highlights how environmental changes can create virulent pathogens.

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Multi-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis
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Published on: June 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Aquatic microbiology
  • Environmental toxicology
  • Fish disease ecology

Background:

  • Aquatic environment enrichment is linked to increased infectious disease risk.
  • Opportunistic pathogens are often associated with host stress and environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct link between microbial resource availability and fish embryo infection.
  • To determine if increased resources can transform benign microbes into virulent pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulation of resource levels in aquatic environments.
  • Exposure of fish embryos to altered microbial communities.
  • Assessment of embryo health and infection rates.
  • Application of antibiotics and fungicides to test microbial influence.

Main Results:

  • Increased resource availability directly increased fish embryo infection.
  • Benign microbial communities became virulent with higher resource levels.
  • Detrimental effects were mitigated by antibiotic and fungicide treatments, indicating microbial causation.
  • Embryo harm occurred prior to other potential stressors like oxygen depletion.

Conclusions:

  • Resource availability can directly transform symbiotic microbes into virulent pathogens.
  • Environmental changes, not just host susceptibility, can drive disease outbreaks.
  • Simple microhabitat alterations can shift microbial communities towards pathogenicity.