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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
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Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
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If the amount of damping in a system is gradually increased, the period and frequency start to become affected because damping opposes, and hence slows, the back and forth motion (the net force is smaller in both directions). If there is a very large amount of damping, the system does not even oscillate; instead, it slowly moves toward equilibrium. In brief, an overdamped system moves slowly towards equilibrium, whereas an underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium but will oscillate about...
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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?

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Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish
05:29

Behavioral Approaches to Studying Innate Stress in Zebrafish

Published on: May 1, 2019

Hydrodynamic sensory stressors produce nonlinear predation patterns.

Delbert L Smee1, Matthew C Ferner, Marc J Weissburg

  • 1Texas A&M University, Department of Life Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5800, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, USA. lee.smee@tamucc.edu

Ecology
|May 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental stress impacts predator-prey dynamics. Intermediate flow conditions can increase blue crab foraging but also heighten clam vulnerability, complicating typical refuge assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Marine Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Predator effects on community structure are significant but can be reduced by physical stress.
  • Environmental conditions can limit predator foraging and prey detection, acting as sensory stressors.
  • Traditional refuge models may overlook how environmental conditions simultaneously affect predator and prey behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) influence predation intensity between blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria).
  • To determine if environmental conditions that impede predator foraging also increase prey vulnerability.
  • To explore the complex relationship between environmental stress, sensory perception, and predator-prey interactions in a field setting.

Main Methods:

  • Field experiments manipulating turbulence in sites with varying flow velocities.
  • Comparison of predation levels on hard clams by blue crabs across different hydrodynamic conditions.
  • Integration of laboratory findings on sensory responses of crabs and clams to flow.

Main Results:

  • Blue crabs exhibit peak foraging effectiveness at intermediate flow velocities and turbulence levels.
  • These intermediate conditions, while suboptimal for blue crabs, significantly impair hard clams' ability to detect and evade predators.
  • Predation rates do not necessarily decrease with increasing environmental stress when both predator and prey behaviors are affected.

Conclusions:

  • Sensory stressors can create complex predator-prey dynamics, where reduced predator efficiency is offset by increased prey vulnerability.
  • Environmental forces influencing predator foraging and prey avoidance can alter the balance of lethal and nonlethal predator effects in ecosystems.
  • The concept of environmental refuges needs refinement to account for simultaneous impacts on sensory and behavioral processes of interacting species.