Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is critical for...

Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effects of phytase supplementation on energy and nutrient availability, and phytate degradation in turkeys.

Poultry science·2025

Same author

Effects of different feeding strategies on egg production, eggshell quality, tibial mass and intestinal calcium transporter expression in laying hens.

British poultry science·2025

Same author

Dietary stinging nettle (<i>Urtica dioica</i>) improves carotenoids content in laying hen egg yolk.

British poultry science·2024

Same author

Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritional value of different batches of rapeseed meals for turkey poults.

Archives of animal nutrition·2024

Same author

Sunflower and rapeseed meal as alternative feed materials to soybean meal for sustainable egg production, using aged laying hens.

British poultry science·2023

Same author

Broiler chicken response to xylanase and fermentable xylooligosaccharide supplementation.

Poultry science·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Glycoprotein synthesis and postsynaptic remodelling in long-term memory.

¹Brain and Behaviour Research Group, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, England.

Neurochemistry International

|May 28, 2010

Summary

This study reveals how training chicks enhances brain protein synthesis, specifically fucoglycoproteins, crucial for forming long-term memories. These biochemical changes correlate with increased synaptic connections in the chick forebrain.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient

Published on: September 17, 2011

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient

Published on: September 17, 2011

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Foundational theories and experimental data underpin current learning and memory biochemistry research.
Passive avoidance training in day-old chicks serves as a model for analyzing memory formation at the cellular level.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation in the chick brain.
To identify specific biochemical and morphological changes associated with short-term and long-term memory.

Main Methods:

Utilized passive avoidance training in day-old chicks.
Analyzed biochemical changes, including protein phosphorylation and synthesis, in the chick forebrain (IMHV).
Examined morphological alterations such as dendritic spine density and size.

Main Results:

Training induced transient changes in protein phosphorylation (52 kDa protein/B50) and long-term increases in protein and fucoglycoprotein synthesis in the IMHV.
Inhibition of fucoglycoprotein synthesis blocked long-term memory formation.
Memory formation correlated with increased dendritic spine numbers and enlarged spine heads in IMHV neurons.

Conclusions:

Enhanced fucoglycoprotein synthesis is vital for memory storage and synaptic remodeling.
Synaptic plasticity, involving increased spine production and remodeling, represents the cerebral memory trace.
The chick model effectively elucidates the biochemical basis of memory.