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Subconjunctival Administration of Adeno-associated Virus Vectors in Small Animal Models
Published on: March 16, 2022
Achalasia and viral infection: new insights from veterinary medicine
Don Ganem1, Amy Kistler, Joseph DeRisi
1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. don.ganem@ucsf.edu
Abstract:
Achalasia is a serious disorder in which the movement of food and liquids through the esophagus is impaired. It is currently thought to be caused by an inflammatory process that destroys neurons in myenteric ganglia, which affect peristalsis in the esophagus. The factor(s) that precipitate this inflammatory process are unknown; possibilities include environmental agents (such as microbes or toxins) and/or cell-mediated autoimmune reactivity. Recently, infection with a newly described bornavirus has been strongly linked to a disease of exotic birds that displays many striking similarities to achalasia. These findings demonstrate that viruses can induce achalasia-like pathophysiology and have renewed interest in the search for infectious agents in this enigmatic human disease.
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Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology
Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

