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Related Concept Videos

Personal Protective Equipment01:20

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

Overview
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap
09:16

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Published on: January 16, 2014

Packin' ya Eskies!

Sharon Bryce1, Fiona Taylor, Warwick Shaw

  • 1Australian Biotechnologies, Unit 5/25 Frenchs Forest Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW, 2086, Australia.

Cell and Tissue Banking
|May 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study validated packaging for human tissue grafts, ensuring -20°C storage using dry ice. Optimal packing maintained graft viability for up to 48 hours, crucial for distribution.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Cryobiology

Background:

  • Human tissue graft transplantation requires stringent storage conditions to maintain viability.
  • Current distribution methods face challenges in ensuring consistent low-temperature preservation.
  • Process validation is essential for regulatory compliance in tissue banking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate a packaging process for human tissue grafts using polystyrene boxes and dry ice.
  • To ensure grafts are maintained at -20°C for effective short-term storage and distribution.
  • To comply with Australian GMP-Human Blood and Tissues and AATB Standards for Tissue Banking.

Main Methods:

  • Four insulated containers (Eskies) were prepared with varying numbers of "dummy" allografts (1, 4, 10, 20) and dry ice quantities (3.5, 7, 15, 20 kg).

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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  • Thermocouples and data loggers were used to record temperatures within the containers over a 48-hour period.
  • Container weights were monitored six times throughout the study to track dry ice sublimation.

    • Main Results:

    • A single allograft in a container with 3.5 kg of dry ice remained viable for up to 31 hours.
    • Fifteen allografts in a container with 20 kg of dry ice were successfully stored for the full 48 hours.
    • Temperature stability at -20°C was achieved for varying durations depending on the quantity of dry ice and number of grafts.

    Conclusions:

    • The validated packaging process using polystyrene boxes and dry ice provides assurance for short-term storage of human tissue grafts at -20°C.
    • The amount of dry ice is critical for maintaining the required temperature for extended periods, supporting distribution logistics.
    • This process meets the requirements of relevant tissue banking standards for storage conditions.