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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Evaluation of a thyroid nodule.

Steven R Bomeli1, Shane O LeBeau, Robert L Ferris

  • 1Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|June 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules require evaluation for potential malignancy. Advanced diagnostic tools like ultrasound and molecular biomarkers improve preoperative risk assessment, guiding surgical decisions and optimizing patient outcomes.

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, with most being benign, necessitating accurate diagnostic methods to identify malignancy.
  • Surgical intervention for thyroid nodules is reserved for malignant or symptomatic cases compressing adjacent structures.
  • Current diagnostic strategies rely on imaging and tissue sampling to guide surgical decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic approach for thyroid nodules, emphasizing the role of imaging and molecular biomarkers.
  • To highlight the importance of preoperative malignancy detection for surgical planning and patient management.
  • To discuss how advanced diagnostics can prevent unnecessary surgeries and optimize treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on thyroid nodule evaluation and management.
  • Emphasis on ultrasound as the primary imaging modality for thyroid nodules.
  • Discussion of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and the integration of molecular biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for thyroid nodules.
  • Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the standard for tissue sampling.
  • Molecular biomarkers significantly enhance the accuracy of preoperative malignancy risk assessment when combined with cytology.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative detection of malignancy through advanced diagnostics like molecular biomarkers facilitates single-stage total thyroidectomy.
  • Optimized diagnostic strategies reduce the need for intraoperative frozen sections or completion thyroidectomies.
  • Accurate risk stratification of thyroid nodules improves surgical decision-making and patient care.