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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: July 28, 2013

Stimulated echo induced misestimates on diffusion tensor indices and its remedy.

Tzu-Chao Chuang¹, Ming-Ting Wu, Teng-Yi Huang

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804. chuang@ee.nsysu.edu.tw

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI

|June 1, 2010

Summary

Inclusion of stimulated echo signals in twice-refocused spin-echo (TRSE) MRI can lead to inaccurate diffusion parameter estimates, specifically overestimating apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and reducing fractional anisotropy (FA). This occurs even without visible artifacts.

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Area of Science:

Diffusion MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Neuroimaging

Background:

Twice-refocused spin-echo (TRSE) techniques are used in diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging (DW-EPI) to minimize eddy-current distortions.
Accurate estimation of diffusion parameters like apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) is crucial for quantitative MRI analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential errors in diffusion parameter estimation using the TRSE technique when stimulated echo signals are inadvertently included.
To quantify the impact of stimulated echoes on ADC and FA values in different brain regions.

Main Methods:

Diffusion MRI experiments were conducted on eleven subjects using a TRSE sequence on 1.5 Tesla MRI systems.
Three TRSE sequence variations were implemented: one with balanced crusher gradients and two with unbalanced crusher gradients designed to suppress stimulated echoes.
Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated and compared across the different sequence variations.

Main Results:

TRSE sequences employing unbalanced crusher gradients yielded ADC values closer to established literature values.
The presence of stimulated echo signals resulted in significant overestimations of ADC, ranging from 24.0% to 54.0% (P < 0.01) in various brain structures.
Concomitant reductions in FA were observed in highly anisotropic white matter regions, indicating a detrimental effect on diffusion tensor imaging metrics.

Conclusions:

The formation of stimulated echoes within the TRSE sequence can lead to substantial errors in diffusion parameter quantification.
These erroneous estimations of ADC and FA can occur even in the absence of obvious morphological artifacts on the diffusion-weighted images.
Careful sequence design, particularly the use of effective crusher gradients, is essential to mitigate stimulated echo contamination and ensure accurate diffusion MRI measurements.