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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Metabolism01:30

Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in a living organism, facilitating both the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules. These metabolic processes are categorized into catabolic and anabolic pathways, which operate in a coordinated manner to ensure energy balance and cellular function.Catabolic Pathways and Energy ReleaseCatabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller structures like monosaccharides, fatty...
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
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Types of Chemical Reactions: Anabolic and Catabolic01:19

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The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—it can only change form. An organism's essential function is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods we eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain our body functions, and build and maintain our body structures. There are two types of reactions that accomplish this: anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is the process of combining smaller, simpler molecules into larger, more complex...
Overview of Metabolism01:40

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Arteriovenous Metabolomics to Measure In Vivo Metabolite Exchange in Brown Adipose Tissue
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A metabolic (re-)balancing act.

Robert T Abraham1, Christina H Eng

  • 1Center for Integrative Biology and Biotherapeutics, Pfizer Biopharmaceuticals, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA. robert.abraham@pfizer.com

Molecular Cell
|June 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells lacking tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are sensitive to glucose starvation. New research shows that reducing energy consumption helps these cells survive using glutamine as an alternative fuel source.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular metabolism
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is crucial for cellular energy homeostasis.
  • Loss of TSC function sensitizes cells to glucose starvation, leading to cell death.
  • Understanding the metabolic adaptations in TSC-deficient cells is vital.

Discussion:

  • Choo et al. demonstrate that TSC-deficient cells can adapt to glucose deprivation by altering their energy metabolism.
  • Reducing overall energy consumption is a key survival mechanism.
  • Glutamine emerges as a viable alternative energy substrate in the absence of glucose.

Key Insights:

  • Cells lacking functional TSC heterodimers exhibit heightened sensitivity to glucose deprivation.
  • Metabolic reprogramming, specifically reduced energy demand, enables survival.
  • Glutamine metabolism can be upregulated to compensate for glucose deficiency.

Outlook:

  • This study opens avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in TSC.
  • Further research can explore the precise mechanisms of glutamine utilization in TSC-deficient cells.
  • Investigating energy conservation pathways may offer insights into other metabolic disorders.