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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Human-specific antisense transcripts induced by the insertion of transposable element.

Dong Seon Kim1, Yoonsoo Hahn

  • 1Department of Life Science (BK21 Program) and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Medicine
|June 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable element insertions created unique human antisense transcripts, potentially influencing gene function and human-specific traits. This discovery sheds light on evolutionary genetic mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Antisense transcripts regulate gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences that can alter host genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify human-specific antisense transcripts originating from transposable element insertions.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which TEs create or modify antisense transcripts.
  • To explore the potential role of these novel transcripts in human evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of primate genome alignments.
  • Examination of human transcriptome data.
  • Identification and characterization of antisense transcripts linked to TE insertions (L1, Alu, SVA, HERV).

Main Results:

  • Identified 13 instances of human-specific antisense transcripts driven by TE insertions.
  • TE insertions often acted as promoters, initiating novel antisense transcription.
  • In other cases, TE insertions provided regulatory elements or exons to existing antisense transcripts.
  • Examples include novel transcripts for RNF144A, SYNE2, CAMCK4, LSAMP, ABCA9, LHFPL3, DSG1, and TEX11.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable element insertions are a source of novel human-specific antisense transcripts.
  • These events can significantly alter gene regulation.
  • The emergence of these transcripts may have contributed to the evolution of human-specific traits.