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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

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Efficacy of automated insulin delivery after recent pump therapy initiation in type 1 diabetes.

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Sustained Follow-up of Automated Insulin Delivery in a Real-World Setting: Results at 2 Years of the French Nationwide Observatory OB2F.

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Continuous Intraperitoneal Insulin Infusion for People With Type 1 Diabetes: A Literature Review and International Position Statement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Insulin pump use in Europe.

Eric Renard1

  • 1Endocrinology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. e-renard@chu-montpellier.fr

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Insulin pump therapy use lags in Europe due to delayed insurance coverage and limited physician training. Increased patient interest and technological advancements are expected to drive wider adoption of insulin pumps for diabetes management.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Diabetes Technology
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Insulin pump therapy (IPT) research is advancing in Europe, yet adoption lags significantly behind the United States.
  • Limited insurance cost coverage and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals impede widespread IPT use.
  • Pediatric IPT adoption has increased due to proven benefits and international consensus, unlike adult indications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the factors limiting insulin pump therapy adoption in Europe.
  • To identify barriers and facilitators for expanding IPT in European diabetes care.
  • To discuss the future outlook for IPT implementation, including advanced technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current European clinical research and practice in insulin pump therapy.

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An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
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An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Published on: April 23, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Published on: April 23, 2018

  • Analysis of healthcare insurance policies and reimbursement landscapes across European countries.
  • Examination of physician training, diabetes educator roles, and patient engagement in IPT.

    • Main Results:

    • Late insurance approval and lack of coverage are primary barriers to IPT adoption in Europe.
    • Shortage of trained physicians and absence of recognized diabetes educators hinder patient access.
    • Restrictive indications for adult IPT, despite evidence of benefits, limit its use.
    • Growing patient interest in technology and physician upskilling are positive indicators for future growth.

    Conclusions:

    • Addressing reimbursement delays and enhancing professional training are crucial for expanding IPT in Europe.
    • Wider adoption of IPT, guided by consensus indications, can improve type 1 diabetes management.
    • Integration of advanced technologies like continuous glucose monitoring and telemedicine requires dedicated cost coverage for successful implementation.