Fetal heart failure

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Perinatology
• Fetal Medicine

Background:

• Fetal heart failure is characterized by elevated atrial and venous pressures, leading to effusions, ascites, and edema.
• It can stem from primary myocardial issues, extracardiac pathologies affecting cardiac load, or secondary myocardial dysfunction like congenital heart defects, arrhythmias.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current understanding of normal fetal circulation.
• To explore pathogenic mechanisms of fetal heart failure.
• To summarize fetal and perinatal management strategies and future therapeutic directions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent scientific publications.
• Synthesis of information on fetal circulation and pathophysiology.
• Analysis of current and emerging management approaches.

Main Results:

• Fetal heart failure presents with specific clinical signs including effusions and edema.
• Diverse etiologies contribute to fetal heart failure, impacting cardiac function and hemodynamics.
• Current management focuses on addressing underlying causes and supportive care.

Conclusions:

• A comprehensive understanding of fetal circulation is crucial for diagnosing and managing fetal heart failure.
• Further research into pathogenic mechanisms may yield novel therapeutic targets.
• Integrated fetal and perinatal management strategies are essential for improving outcomes.