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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Determinants of partial or no primary immunisations.

L J Jessop1, C C Kelleher, C Murrin

  • 1School of Public Health and Population Science, Woodview House, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. cecily.kelleher@ucd.ie

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Maternal factors like alternative practitioner visits and lower psychological quality of life scores, along with socioeconomic status and rural location, significantly impact children

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Primary immunizations are crucial for child health and disease prevention.
  • Understanding factors influencing immunization uptake is vital for public health strategies.
  • Previous research has identified various socioeconomic and demographic predictors of vaccination status.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors associated with full, partial, or no primary immunizations in children.
  • To identify specific maternal, socioeconomic, and geographical determinants of immunization coverage.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-generational cohort study conducted in urban and rural Ireland (2001-2003) with 5-year follow-up.
  • Linked primary care and hospital records for 749 children with immunization data.
  • Statistical analysis using adjusted relative risk ratios and odds ratios.

Main Results:

  • High uptake of primary immunizations (92.8% full, 4.9% partial, 2.3% none).
  • No immunization significantly associated with maternal alternative practitioner visits (RR 3.69), means-tested medical services eligibility (RR 8.11), low WHO-QOL psychological score (RR 8.82), and rural western Ireland (RR 3.64).
  • Premature birth was linked to partial immunization (OR 4.63).

Conclusions:

  • Specific maternal characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and geographical location are significant predictors of incomplete primary immunization.
  • Targeted interventions are needed to address disparities and improve full immunization uptake.
  • Findings can inform public health campaigns to enhance childhood vaccination rates.