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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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Related Experiment Video

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Evidence-based National Vaccine Policy.

Y Madhavi1, Jacob M Puliyel, Joseph L Mathew

  • 1National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies, New Delhi, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

India needs a comprehensive vaccine policy to address concerns in production, supply, and public health. This policy paper, developed by experts, aims to guide government decisions on vaccine strategies for self-reliance.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Health Policy

Background:

  • India possesses over a century of experience in vaccine development and production.
  • Government policy in 1986 aimed for self-sufficiency in vaccine production and technological self-reliance.
  • The absence of a comprehensive vaccine policy has led to various challenges and concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address concerns regarding vaccine demand and supply, manufacturing versus import, and public vs. private sector roles.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for informed decision-making on vaccine choice, combination vaccines, and immunization strategies.
  • To formulate a comprehensive vaccine policy for the Government of India from a public health perspective.

Main Methods:

  • Convened a national brainstorming workshop on vaccine policy involving diverse stakeholders.
  • Facilitated subsequent discussions among doctors, scientists, policy analysts, lawyers, and civil society representatives.
  • Synthesized expert input into a unanimously adopted policy paper.

Main Results:

  • Identified critical issues including demand-supply dynamics, import reliance, sector roles, vaccine selection, and cost-benefit analyses.
  • Highlighted the need for clear guidelines on routine immunization versus special drives and regulatory aspects.
  • Developed a consensus-based policy paper for government consideration.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive, evidence-based vaccine policy is crucial for India's public health goals.
  • The policy paper provides a framework to address existing challenges and ensure self-reliance in vaccine technology and production.
  • Collaboration among stakeholders is essential for effective vaccine policy implementation.