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Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Paraspinal and scapular myopathy associated with scleroderma.

Arada Rojana-Udomsart1, Vicki Fabian, Peter N Hollingsworth

  • 1Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia.

Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Scleroderma patients can develop inflammatory myopathy affecting paraspinal and scapular muscles, causing significant weakness. This condition shows poor response to standard treatments but may benefit from alternative therapies like intravenous immunoglobulin.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and vascular abnormalities.
  • Inflammatory myopathies are a group of immune-mediated disorders affecting skeletal muscle.
  • Paraspinal and scapular muscle involvement in scleroderma-associated myopathy is not well-characterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a distinct pattern of inflammatory myopathy in scleroderma patients.
  • To characterize the clinical presentation, muscle biopsy findings, and treatment response.
  • To highlight the predilection for paraspinal and scapular muscles.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of clinical records.
  • Analysis of laboratory investigations.
  • Examination of muscle biopsy findings.

Main Results:

  • Patients presented with "dropped head" or camptocormia due to paraspinal and posterior cervical muscle weakness.
  • Shoulder girdle muscles showed variable weakness and atrophy; pelvic girdle involvement was mild or absent.
  • Muscle biopsies revealed myositis and scleroderma vasculopathy; treatment response to prednisolone and cytotoxic agents was poor, but one patient responded well to intravenous immunoglobulin.

Conclusions:

  • Scleroderma patients can develop a restricted immune-mediated inflammatory myopathy.
  • This myopathy preferentially affects paraspinal and scapular muscles.
  • Treatment resistance to glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants suggests exploring other therapeutic options, such as intravenous immunoglobulin.