Cytochrome P450-mediated 17beta-estradiol metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) and CYP3A proteins are primarily responsible for the metabolism of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in mammals. We have cloned and heterologously expressed CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, CYP1D1, and CYP3A65 from zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine the CYP-mediated metabolism of E(2) in a non-mammalian species. Constructs of each CYP cDNA were created using a leader sequence from the bacterial ompA gene to allow appropriate expression in Escherichia coli without 5' modification of the gene. Membrane vesicles were purified, and functional CYP protein was verified using carbon monoxide difference spectra and fluorescent catalytic assays with the substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin and 7-benzyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-coumarin. Rates of in vitro E(2) metabolism into 4-hydroxyE(2) (4-OHE(2)), 2-hydroxyE(2) (2-OHE(2)), and 16alpha-hydroxyE(1) (16alpha-OHE(1)) metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The 2-OHE(2) metabolite was produced by all CYPs tested, while 4-OHE(2) was only detected following incubation with CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2. The 16alpha-OHE(1) metabolite was only produced by CYP1A. The highest rates of E(2) metabolism were from CYP1A and CYP1C1, followed by CYP1C2. CYP1B1, CYP1D1, and CYP3A65 had low rates of E(2) metabolism. E(2) metabolism by zebrafish CYP1A, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2 produced similar ratios of 4-OHE(2) to 2-OHE(2) as previous studies with mammalian CYP1As. CYP1B1 formed the highest ratio of 4-OHE(2) to 2-OHE(2) metabolites. Contrary to mammals, these results suggest that fish CYP1A and CYP1C proteins are primarily responsible for E(2) metabolism, with only minor contributions from CYP3A65 and CYP1B1. Similar to mammals, 2-OHE(2) is the predominant metabolite from CYP-mediated E(2) metabolism in fish, suggesting that all vertebrate species produce the same major E(2) metabolite.