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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
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IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

Published on: May 8, 2015

Accurate diffuse reflection measurements in the infrared spectral range.

W Richter, W Erb

|June 5, 2010

Summary

A new sphere arrangement accurately measures directional-hemispherical reflectance from 1-15 micrometers. Comparative tests confirm no systematic uncertainties, with a deduced reflectance uncertainty of +/-0.01 for 1-5.6 micrometers.

Area of Science:

Optical physics
Metrology

Background:

Accurate reflectance measurements are crucial for material characterization.
Existing methods may have limitations in specific wavelength ranges.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the accuracy of a novel sphere arrangement for directional-hemispherical reflectance measurements.
To determine the measurement uncertainty of the new device.

Main Methods:

Comparative measurements using the new sphere arrangement and a fundamental PTB sphere reflectometer.
Measurements conducted in the 1.0-1.1 micrometer spectral range.

Main Results:

No systematic measurement uncertainties were found when comparing the new device to the PTB sphere reflectometer.

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Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

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The deduced uncertainty for reflectance measurements is +/-0.01 in the 1-5.6 micrometer wavelength range.

Conclusions:

The tested sphere arrangement is accurate for directional-hemispherical reflectance measurements.
The device demonstrates reliable performance within the specified wavelength range, suitable for scientific applications.