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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Three-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology01:28

Three-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology

Three-dimensional imaging techniques are essential in cell biology, allowing researchers to visualize intricate cellular structures with high resolution. Two prominent methods, Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM), provide distinct advantages for imaging live and thick specimens, respectively.Differential Interference Contrast MicroscopyDIC microscopy enhances contrast in transparent, unstained samples by converting phase...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
10:39

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

Published on: October 11, 2016

Diffraction by a 3-D oriented grating and its use in scanning correlation detection.

Q H Zhou, X J Lu

    Applied Optics
    |June 5, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new method derives diffraction directions for 3-D gratings, enabling the creation of square filter arrays. This technique is applied to object plane scanning correlation detection.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
    10:39

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    Published on: October 11, 2016

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    Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
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    Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

    Published on: February 8, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Diffraction Gratings
    • Image Processing

    Background:

    • Diffraction gratings are crucial optical components.
    • Controlling diffraction patterns is essential for various applications.
    • Object plane scanning correlation detection requires precise filtering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive the equation for diffraction directions in 3-D oriented gratings.
    • To demonstrate the generation of square filter arrays using grating rotation and tilting.
    • To apply this technique to object plane scanning correlation detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of the diffraction direction equation for 3-D gratings.
    • Utilizing rotation and tilting of the grating to form square filter arrays.
    • Implementation in an object plane scanning correlation detection system.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully derived the equation for diffraction directions.
    • Demonstrated the generation of a square array of filters.
    • Presented experimental results showcasing the application in correlation detection.

    Conclusions:

    • The derived equation provides a method for controlling diffraction.
    • Grating manipulation allows for the creation of specific filter arrays.
    • The technique is effective for object plane scanning correlation detection.