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Related Concept Videos

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

Microtubules

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...

Transport Across the Golgi

Transport Across the Golgi

While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Quantitative Microtubule Fractionation Technique to Separate Stable Microtubules, Labile Microtubules, and Free Tubulin in Mouse Tissues

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Published on: November 17, 2023

Cdc42 regulates microtubule-dependent Golgi positioning.

Heidi Hehnly¹, Weidong Xu, Ji-Long Chen

¹Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)

|June 8, 2010

Summary

The study reveals how ARHGAP21 regulates Golgi positioning by controlling Cdc42 signaling, impacting dynein-mediated cell transport. This finding clarifies cytoskeleton-dependent Golgi apparatus localization mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Mechanisms
Cytoskeleton Dynamics

Background:

The Golgi apparatus localization near the centrosome in mammalian cells relies on dynein-mediated microtubule transport.
Cdc42 has been implicated in regulating this dynein-dependent motility, but the precise mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cytoskeleton-dependent Golgi positioning.
To investigate the role of ARHGAP21 and Cdc42 in regulating Golgi apparatus localization.

Main Methods:

Utilized reduced expression of ARHGAP21 to observe effects on Golgi repositioning after nocodazole treatment.
Employed a Golgi capture and motility assay in permeabilized cells to assess Cdc42's direct impact on motility.
Investigated the involvement of ARF1 and coatomer in Cdc42-mediated Golgi positioning.

Main Results:

Reduced ARHGAP21 expression impaired Golgi repositioning to the centrosome.
Cdc42 regulation of Golgi positioning involves ARF1 and coatomer binding.
Disrupting Cdc42 activation or coatomer/Cdc42 interaction enhanced Golgi motility.
This motility was dynein-dependent and blocked by an inhibitory dynein antibody.

Conclusions:

Dynein and microtubule-dependent Golgi positioning is regulated by a signaling pathway involving ARF1, coatomer, and ARHGAP21-dependent Cdc42.
ARHGAP21 acts as a Cdc42-specific GTPase-activating protein influencing Golgi apparatus localization.