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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
Published on: June 20, 2018
Role of maximal endoscopic sinus surgery techniques in chronic rhinosinusitis
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, 8C-118, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 1W8. jlee.ut@gmail.com
Abstract:
There remains a continued debate regarding the extent of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) required for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). By examining anatomic, etiologic, and postoperative factors that may lead to recalcitrant CRS, this article aims to highlight some of the reasons for performing maximal techniques in ESS. This concept is further expanded in various surgical maneuvers including wide maxillary antrostomy, extended frontal sinus procedures, and intraoperative computed tomography-guided ESS.
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Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Epistaxis
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
