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Related Concept Videos

Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Orthogonal Trajectories01:26

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...
Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.The length of the branches can depict time or the relative amount of change among organisms. For instance, the branch length might indicate the number of amino acid changes in the sequence that underlies the...

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Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Probabilistic orthology analysis.

Bengt Sennblad1, Jens Lagergren

  • 1Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. bengt.sennblad@sbc.su.se

Systematic Biology
|June 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new probabilistic method enhances orthology analysis by estimating gene orthology probabilities, overcoming limitations of traditional methods like most parsimonious reconciliation (MPR). This approach offers a more robust framework for comparative genomics and evolutionary studies.

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Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus
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Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Orthology analysis is crucial for comparative biology, identifying homologous genes across species.
  • Traditional methods like most parsimonious reconciliation (MPR) have limitations in accuracy and flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a probabilistic approach for orthology analysis that addresses MPR's shortcomings.
  • To introduce a novel method for orthology and paralogy classification with adjustable sensitivity and specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a gene evolution model generalizing the birth-death process for gene duplication and loss.
  • Estimated orthology probabilities to provide a more informative analysis than MPR.
  • Validated the method using experimental datasets and biologically realistic simulated data.

Main Results:

  • The probabilistic approach is more informative and less sensitive to taxon sampling issues than MPR.
  • MPR was shown to produce false orthology predictions frequently under realistic conditions.
  • The new method allows flexible orthology and paralogy classification based on desired sensitivity/specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Probabilistic orthology analysis offers a superior alternative to traditional methods.
  • This framework supports advanced comparative studies of genome evolution.