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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
05:16

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Joining the immunological dots in recurrent miscarriage.

Amolak Singh Bansal1

  • 1Department of Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey, England. Amolak.Bansal@ESTH.nhs.uk

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
|June 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Immune cells like T helper (Th) 1, Th2, T regulatory cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cells play crucial roles in pregnancy. Dysfunctional immunity, particularly involving Th17 cells, is linked to recurrent miscarriage, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
05:16

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Platform for Quantitative Detection of Endometrial Immune Cells Based on Immunohistochemistry and Digital Image Analysis
07:46

Platform for Quantitative Detection of Endometrial Immune Cells Based on Immunohistochemistry and Digital Image Analysis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure
08:29

Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Immunology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Immunology of Pregnancy

Background:

  • Cellular immunity, mediated by T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, significantly impacts early pregnancy outcomes.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells are vital for trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis, processes essential for successful implantation.
  • Deficiencies in T regulatory cell (Treg) function are observed in women experiencing recurrent miscarriage, especially in early gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of various immune cells, including Th1, Th2, NK, Treg, and Th17 cells, in the context of early pregnancy.
  • To elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying recurrent miscarriage, considering factors like subclinical uterine inflammation and cytokine profiles.
  • To propose a unifying schema for understanding the immunological complexities of pregnancy and recurrent miscarriage.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immune cell function during early pregnancy and recurrent miscarriage.
  • Analysis of the interplay between different immune cell types and their associated cytokines (e.g., IL-6).
  • Examination of the potential link between subclinical uterine infections, inflammation, and the imbalance of immune cells favoring Th17 over Tregs.

Main Results:

  • While Th1 immunity may be detrimental, Th2 immunity appears beneficial for embryonic development.
  • NK cells play an underestimated yet critical role in early pregnancy events.
  • Impaired Treg function and excessive Th17 activity are implicated in recurrent miscarriage, potentially driven by inflammation and IL-6 stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Recurrent miscarriage can stem from immunological dysregulation, including chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmunity, uterine issues, and subclinical infections promoting Th17 dominance.
  • Understanding the balance between pro-inflammatory (Th1, Th17, NK) and regulatory (Treg) immune cells is key to deciphering pregnancy immunology.
  • Targeting inappropriate immune responses offers potential therapeutic strategies for managing recurrent miscarriage with existing treatments.