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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
07:22

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Update on allergy immunotherapy.

William Davidson1, Sean Lucas, Larry Borish

  • 1Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health Systems, MR4 Bldg, Rm, 5041, Lane Rd, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA 22908.

Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|June 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardized allergen immunotherapy (IT) requires precise dosing within a narrow concentration range for optimal efficacy in allergic airway disease. This approach offers long-term benefits, potentially reducing reliance on long-term pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recent research illuminates the immunologic mechanisms of immunotherapy (IT), highlighting the role of regulatory T lymphocytes.
  • Current guidelines for IT in allergic airway disease are summarized and commented upon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide commentary on current guidelines for immunotherapy administration in allergic airway disease.
  • To discuss the importance of standardized allergen extracts and precise dosing for effective immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent investigations into immunotherapy's immunologic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of data regarding allergen concentration ranges in successful immunotherapy treatments.

Main Results:

  • Optimal efficacy in immunotherapy is achieved within a specific allergen concentration range (approximately 5-24 μg per injection) when using standardized extracts.
  • For allergic rhinitis, a shift towards using IT to avoid long-term pharmacotherapy and associated costs is emerging, given its long-term immunomodulatory benefits.
  • While beneficial for asthma, the precise role and positioning of IT in asthma management remain to be established, with safety concerns noted for patients with uncontrolled asthma.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized allergen extracts and precise dosing are crucial for effective immunotherapy.
  • Immunotherapy offers a potentially cost-effective, long-term solution for allergic rhinitis, reducing the need for continuous pharmacotherapy.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal immunotherapy protocols for asthma and clarify its long-term impact on disease prevention and management.