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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
11:30

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

Temporal dynamics of memory trace formation in the human prefrontal cortex.

Simone Rossi1, Iglis Innocenti, Nicola R Polizzotto

  • 1Sezione Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universita` di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy. Rossisimo@unisi.it

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|June 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Investigating memory encoding, this study found that timing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during visual scene recall significantly impacts memory. Specifically, delaying rTMS to 500 ms after stimulus presentation severely impaired recall accuracy.

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Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection
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Published on: August 26, 2011

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13:14

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue

Published on: October 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Event-related repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is known to interfere with memory encoding.
  • Understanding the precise timing of neural processes involved in memory formation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the critical time window for memory trace formation during visual scene encoding.
  • To investigate the role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in memory encoding.

Main Methods:

  • 28 healthy volunteers received event-related rTMS (900 ms at 20 Hz) at varying poststimulus delays (100–500 ms) during visual scene encoding.
  • rTMS was applied to the left DLPFC, right DLPFC, vertex, or sham.
  • Retrieval accuracy of encoded images was measured.

Main Results:

  • A significant inverse correlation was found between stimulation delay and correct retrieval.
  • rTMS delivered 500 ms poststimulus, lasting 400 ms, caused a substantial decrease in retrieval accuracy.
  • Only left DLPFC stimulation, not right DLPFC, vertex, or sham, impaired memory recall.

Conclusions:

  • Left DLPFC plays a critical role in the encoding of visual scenes.
  • rTMS interferes with postperceptual executive processes during memory formation, rather than initial perception.
  • The findings provide novel insights into the critical timing of left DLPFC engagement in memory consolidation and maintenance.