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Acute Respiratory Failure-III

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Risk Factors
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Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas.

Alicia N Rodriguez¹, Jose P Diaz-Jimenez

¹Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinica Colon Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

|June 10, 2010

Summary

Malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas are severe complications of advanced cancers. Endoscopic dual stenting offers the best palliation for these fistulas, improving outcomes and safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Establishment of an Oronasal Fistula Mice Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Gastroenterology
Pulmonology

Background:

Malignant tracheoesophageal and bronchoesophageal fistulas are late-stage complications of advanced esophageal, lung, or mediastinal cancers.
Patients typically present with intractable cough and recurrent respiratory infections, leading to rapid deterioration if untreated.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding and clinical management of malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas.
To highlight recent findings regarding treatment options and complications.

Main Methods:

Review of published case series from 2009 detailing characteristics and treatment of malignant fistulas.
Analysis of endoscopic stenting techniques for palliation.

Main Results:

Bevacizumab combined with radiation therapy has been associated with the development of these fistulas in lung cancer patients.
Endoscopic placement of esophageal and/or airway stents is the preferred palliative treatment.
Dual stenting (esophagus and airway) demonstrates superior palliation and safety compared to single stenting.
Complications related to stent placement, including tracheal compression, require careful attention.

Conclusions:

Respiratory-digestive fistulas are devastating complications of advanced cancer.
Endoscopic stenting, particularly dual stenting, provides effective palliation and improves safety.
Ongoing research contributes valuable insights for clinical practice in managing these complex conditions.