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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
07:51

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

Wherefore ketamine?

Jan Persson1

  • 1Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. jan.persson@karolinska.se

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|June 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent ketamine research highlights its use in anesthesia and pain management. While potential neurotoxicity and side effects warrant further investigation, its anti-inflammatory and antidepressant properties show promise for new therapeutic applications.

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Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder
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A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder

Published on: June 18, 2018

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
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Published on: June 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Ketamine is an established anesthetic agent.
  • Recent advancements necessitate an updated review of its applications and effects.
  • Established knowledge provides context for novel findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in ketamine research.
  • To highlight novel publications in the context of existing knowledge.
  • To discuss implications of new findings for clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Synthesis of findings from various studies.
  • Discussion of animal and human subject data.

Main Results:

  • Intramuscular versus intravenous induction in pediatric anesthesia.
  • Clarification on the need for anticholinergic adjuvants.
  • Observed neuroapoptosis in animals and discussion of human neurotoxicity.
  • Significant developments in pain management.
  • Neurological and urological side effects questioning long-term use.
  • Reported anti-inflammatory and antidepressive effects.
  • Potential to attenuate postoperative delirium in coronary bypass patients.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is required to clarify neuroapoptosis and long-term effects.
  • The potential of ketamine as an anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and post-operative delirium attenuator warrants further investigation.
  • New therapeutic vistas may emerge for ketamine.