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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
08:01

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

Published on: May 1, 2018

Diffuser radiation patterns over a large dynamic range. 1: Strong diffusers.

L G Shirley, N George

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study models radiation patterns from rough surfaces, finding that specific mathematical functions accurately describe surface correlations. These findings demonstrate the practical accuracy of remote sensing for analyzing surface roughness.

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    Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

    Published on: October 7, 2013

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
    08:01

    The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

    Published on: May 1, 2018

    Multiplex Chemical Imaging Based on Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
    09:57

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    Published on: July 25, 2022

    Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
    07:26

    Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

    Published on: October 7, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Surface Physics

    Background:

    • Understanding light scattering from rough surfaces is crucial for applications in optics and remote sensing.
    • Characterizing surface topography and its correlation function is key to predicting scattering behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically compute far-zone radiation patterns from diffusers with varying surface height profiles and autocorrelation functions.
    • To experimentally validate theoretical models using ground-glass and acid-etched-glass diffusers.
    • To assess the practical accuracy of remote sensing techniques for surface characterization.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical computations of radiation patterns based on normally distributed height profiles.
    • Analysis of different autocorrelation functions, including those for surfaces with two scales of roughness.
    • Experimental measurements using a scatterometer capable of covering an entire hemisphere with high dynamic range (6-8 orders of magnitude).

    Main Results:

    • Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data for ground-glass diffusers using a conical autocorrelation function.
    • Excellent agreement for acid-etched-glass diffusers using a paraboloidal autocorrelation function.
    • Demonstration of a rapid fall-off in surface correlation for jagged surfaces, consistent with physical expectations.

    Conclusions:

    • The study confirms the practical feasibility and accuracy of remote sensing for determining surface roughness and correlation.
    • The choice of autocorrelation function is critical for accurately modeling scattering from different types of rough surfaces.
    • Theoretical models, when combined with appropriate autocorrelation functions, provide reliable predictions of far-zone radiation patterns.