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Related Concept Videos

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes01:18

Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes

In physics and engineering, understanding the moments of inertia for a given area with asymmetrical mass distribution is critical for proper design and analysis. When considering an arbitrary coordinate system, the moments of inertia can be obtained by integrating the moment of inertia for an infinitesimal area element.
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
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Indeterminate Structure01:18

Indeterminate Structure

Indeterminate structures refer to structures where internal forces and reactions cannot be determined using only the equations of static equilibrium.  Indeterminate structures have more unknown forces and reaction forces than equations of static equilibrium that can be used to determine them. Indeterminate structures are often used in engineering to create complex, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. There are various types of indeterminate structures used in engineering and some...
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Scintillation index calculations using an altitude-dependent structure constant.

M J Beran, A M Whitman

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Atmospheric turbulence causes light wave scintillation. This study calculates scintillation index using two-scale theory and an altitude-dependent structure constant, providing a generalized parameter for analysis.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Optics
    • Wave Propagation

    Background:

    • Light wave propagation through Earth's atmosphere is affected by turbulence.
    • Scintillation, or intensity fluctuations, is a key phenomenon in atmospheric optics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To calculate the scintillation index for plane waves interacting with the atmosphere.
    • To develop a generalized parameter for scintillation index calculation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the two-scale theory for calculations.
    • Assumed a Kolmogorov structure function with an altitude-dependent structure constant.

    Main Results:

    • Presented calculations of the scintillation index as a function of zenith angle for nighttime viewing.
    • Introduced a single, non-dimensional parameter generalizing previous methods.

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    Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants
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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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    11:27

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    Published on: December 8, 2016

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    08:53

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    Published on: September 23, 2013

    Conclusions:

    • The developed parameter offers a simplified approach to calculating scintillation index.
    • The findings are applicable to understanding light propagation under varying atmospheric conditions.