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Related Concept Videos

IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching01:22

IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching

Both alkyne (C≡C) and nitrile (C≡N) functional groups contain triple bonds and show stretching absorptions around the wavenumber range of 2100 to 2300 cm−1 in the diagnostic region of the IR spectra.
Comparing the stretching vibrational frequency of  C≡C triple bonds with that of double and single bonds, it is evident that C≡C triple bonds exhibit a higher stretching frequency than C=C double and C–C single bonds. Similarly, the C≡N triple bond exhibits higher stretching absorption than the C=N...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching01:29

IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching

Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond varies in...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response
09:03

A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response

Published on: January 7, 2019

Infrared alkali halide fibers.

J A Harrington

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed polycrystalline alkali halide fibers using hot extrusion. These novel fibers demonstrate low optical loss and high power handling capabilities for infrared laser applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optical Engineering
    • Solid-State Physics

    Background:

    • Alkali halide crystals are known for their infrared transparency.
    • Optical fibers are crucial for transmitting light, but suitable materials for mid-infrared applications are limited.
    • Developing robust and efficient infrared fiber optic systems is an ongoing challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate polycrystalline alkali halide fibers using a hot extrusion technique.
    • To characterize the optical properties, including optical loss, of these novel fibers.
    • To evaluate the power handling capability and mechanical flexibility of the fabricated fibers for potential infrared power delivery.

    Main Methods:

    • Polycrystalline alkali halide fibers (KBr/KCl) were manufactured via hot extrusion.

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  • Optical loss measurements were performed at 10.6 micrometers.
  • Teflon coating was applied to protect the fibers from surface damage and contamination.
  • High-power continuous wave (cw) carbon dioxide (CO2) laser testing was conducted to determine power handling limits.
  • Mechanical bending tests were performed to assess fiber flexibility and transmission changes.

    • Main Results:

    • Core-clad KBr/KCl fibers exhibited low optical losses as low as 0.1 dB/m at 10.6 micrometers.
    • The average optical loss for 800/1000-micrometer fibers was measured at 0.69 dB/m.
    • The fibers successfully transmitted a maximum output power of 67 W of cw CO2 laser power, reaching a power density of 13.3 kW/cm(2).
    • A 1000-micrometer fiber maintained 95% transmission after being bent into a 12-cm diameter circle.

    Conclusions:

    • Hot extrusion is a viable technique for fabricating polycrystalline alkali halide fibers.
    • These fibers show promising low optical loss and high power delivery capabilities for 10.6 micrometer infrared applications.
    • The Teflon coating enhances fiber durability, and the fibers exhibit good mechanical flexibility, making them suitable for practical infrared power transmission.