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Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Published on: May 22, 2013

Aging, telomeres and heart failure.

Liza S M Wong¹, Pim van der Harst, Rudolf A de Boer

¹Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.

Heart Failure Reviews

|June 10, 2010

Summary

Aging hearts experience changes that lower the threshold for heart failure. Telomere attrition and DNA damage contribute to cellular aging, explaining variable heart failure progression in individuals.

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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Gerontology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Normal aging induces functional, morphological, and cellular changes in the heart.
Age-associated cardiac changes may lower the threshold for heart failure development.
Heart failure variability in patients is not fully explained by conventional risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on cardiac aging.
To explore the role of telomere biology in heart failure.
To understand the biological basis of variable heart failure progression.

Main Methods:

Literature review on cardiac aging.
Analysis of studies on telomere attrition and DNA damage.
Examination of cellular senescence and apoptosis in aging hearts.

Main Results:

Accumulated DNA damage and telomere attrition increase cellular senescence and apoptosis.
Reduced cell number and function contribute to tissue and organ dysfunction.
Biological aging, indicated by telomere length, correlates with variable heart failure thresholds.

Conclusions:

Biological aging, particularly telomere attrition, offers an explanation for interindividual variability in heart failure onset and progression.
Understanding cardiac aging and telomere biology is crucial for addressing heart failure.
Further research into these mechanisms may reveal new therapeutic targets.