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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Application of Impermeable Barriers Combined with Candidate Factor Soaked Beads to Study Inductive Signals in the Chick

Application of Impermeable Barriers Combined with Candidate Factor Soaked Beads to Study Inductive Signals in the Chick

Published on: November 17, 2016

Wdr5 is required for chick skeletal development.

Shimei Zhu¹, Eric D Zhu, Sylvain Provot

¹Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

|June 10, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

WD repeat protein 5 (Wdr5) is crucial for endochondral bone development. Reducing Wdr5 levels in vivo impairs chondrocyte maturation and skeletal growth, highlighting Wdr5

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Published on: January 12, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
Skeletal Biology

Background:

WD repeat protein 5 (Wdr5) is induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and found in growth plate chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
Previous research explored Wdr5's role in chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation.
The in vivo requirement of Wdr5 for endochondral bone development remained unaddressed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo necessity of Wdr5 for endochondral bone development.
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Wdr5 influences skeletal development.

Main Methods:

Utilized an avian replication-competent retrovirus (RCAS) system to deliver Wdr5 short hairpin (sh) RNA.
Silenced Wdr5 expression in developing limbs to assess its in vivo function.
Analyzed chondrocyte maturation, gene expression (Runx2, collagen X, osteopontin), and osteoblast activity.

Main Results:

Reduction of Wdr5 levels significantly delayed endochondral bone development, leading to shortened skeletal elements.
Impaired chondrocyte maturation was evidenced by reduced expression of Runx2, type X collagen, and osteopontin.
Wdr5 reduction also decreased Runx2, type I collagen, and osteopontin expression in osteoblasts, affecting bone mineralization.
Retroviral misexpression of Runx2 rescued the Wdr5 knockdown-induced phenotype.

Conclusions:

Wdr5 is essential for proper endochondral bone formation during limb development.
Wdr5 regulates endochondral ossification, at least partially, through the modulation of Runx2 expression.
These findings establish a critical role for Wdr5 in skeletal development and provide mechanistic insights into its regulation of chondrocyte and osteoblast function.