Residual clubfoot in children

The deformities encountered in any patient who has residual clubfoot comprise various degrees of equinus, varus, adduction, supination, cavus, and toe deformity. Joint flexibility or stiffness, tarsal dysmorphism, articular incongruence, and progressive degrees of degeneration may be present. Add to this the scars of previous attempts at correction and various etiologic factors, and surgeons can find that treatment solutions are far from straightforward. A philosophy of careful history, examination, investigation, and surgery à la carte will provide a safe foundation for treating patients who have these often complex and difficult problems. A surgical strategy progressing from proximal to distal, performing soft tissue surgery before fixed deformity occurs, extra-articular osteotomies to correct bony deformity, and augmentation with rebalancing of soft tissue-deforming forces will help improve pain and function for many patients. Joint fusions should be reserved as a last salvage option to avoid future degeneration of adjacent joints.