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Related Concept Videos

Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem01:12

Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem

In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is one of the fundamental problems describing the motion of two interacting bodies under gravity or any other central force. When considering the motion of two bodies, one of the most important concepts is the reduced mass coordinates, a quantity that allows the two-body problem to be solved like a single-body problem. In these circumstances, it is assumed that a single body with reduced mass revolves around another body fixed in a position with an...
Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

Coupled 182W-142Nd constraint for early Earth differentiation.

Frederic Moynier1, Qing-Zhu Yin, Keita Irisawa

  • 1Department of Geology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. moynier@levee.wustl.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Early Earth

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Planetary Science
  • Isotope Geochemistry

Background:

  • Silicate differentiation and Earth's core formation are key early Solar System events.
  • The neodymium-142 (142Nd) isotope system suggests early silicate differentiation.
  • The hafnium-182 (182Hf)–tungsten-182 (182W) system offers complementary insights due to Hf-W fractionation during core formation and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To use the 182Hf-182W system to constrain the timing of early Earth processes.
  • To investigate tungsten (W) isotopic compositions in terrestrial samples for evidence of early differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • High-precision tungsten (W) isotope measurements of eleven terrestrial samples.
  • Utilizing a three-stage model to simulate isotopic evolution (chondritic reservoir, core segregation, silicate differentiation).

Main Results:

  • Terrestrial samples exhibit a homogeneous W isotopic composition, ~2 epsilon-units more radiogenic than chondrites.
  • The W isotopic data provide stringent time constraints for core formation (27.5–38 Myr) and silicate differentiation (38–75 Myr).

Conclusions:

  • Tungsten isotopes confirm early terrestrial silicate differentiation, consistent with 142Nd anomalies.
  • This study refines the timeline for core formation and silicate differentiation in the early Solar System.